| Publication type: | Article in scientific journal |
| Type of review: | Peer review (publication) |
| Title: | Dipolar doping of organic semiconductors to enhance carrier injection |
| Authors: | Hofmann, Alexander J.L. Züfle, Simon Shimizu, Kohei Schmid, Markus Wessels, Vivien Jäger, Lars Altazin, Stéphane Ikegami, Keitaro Khan, Motiur Rahman Neher, Dieter Ishii, Hisao Ruhstaller, Beat Brütting, Wolfgang |
| et. al: | No |
| DOI: | 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052 |
| Published in: | Physical Review Applied |
| Volume(Issue): | 12 |
| Issue: | 6 |
| Issue Date: | Dec-2019 |
| Publisher / Ed. Institution: | American Physical Society |
| ISSN: | 2331-7019 |
| Language: | English |
| Subject (DDC): | 530: Physics |
| Abstract: | If not oriented perfectly isotropically, the strong dipole moment of polar organic semiconductor materials such as tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate)aluminum (Alq3) will lead to the buildup of a giant surface potential (GSP) and thus to a macroscopic dielectric polarization of the organic film. Despite this having been a known fact for years, the implications of such high potentials within an organic layer stack have only been studied recently. In this work, the influence of the GSP on hole injection into organic layers is investigated. Therefore, we apply a concept called dipolar doping to devices consisting of the prototypical organic materials N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) as nonpolar host and Alq3 as dipolar dopant with different mixing ratios to tune the GSP. The mixtures are investigated in single-layer monopolar devices as well as bilayer metal/insulator/semiconductor structures. Characterization is done electrically using current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, impedance spectroscopy, and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage and time of flight, as well as with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. We find a maximum in device performance for moderate to low doping concentrations of the polar species in the host. The observed behavior can be described on the basis of the Schottky effect for image-force barrier lowering, if the changes in the interface dipole, the carrier mobility, and the GSP induced by dipolar doping are taken into account. |
| URI: | https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/19630 |
| Fulltext version: | Published version |
| License (according to publishing contract): | Licence according to publishing contract |
| Departement: | School of Engineering |
| Organisational Unit: | Institute of Computational Physics (ICP) |
| Appears in collections: | Publikationen School of Engineering |
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Hofmann, A. J. L., Züfle, S., Shimizu, K., Schmid, M., Wessels, V., Jäger, L., Altazin, S., Ikegami, K., Khan, M. R., Neher, D., Ishii, H., Ruhstaller, B., & Brütting, W. (2019). Dipolar doping of organic semiconductors to enhance carrier injection. Physical Review Applied, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052
Hofmann, A.J.L. et al. (2019) ‘Dipolar doping of organic semiconductors to enhance carrier injection’, Physical Review Applied, 12(6). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052.
A. J. L. Hofmann et al., “Dipolar doping of organic semiconductors to enhance carrier injection,” Physical Review Applied, vol. 12, no. 6, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052.
HOFMANN, Alexander J.L., Simon ZÜFLE, Kohei SHIMIZU, Markus SCHMID, Vivien WESSELS, Lars JÄGER, Stéphane ALTAZIN, Keitaro IKEGAMI, Motiur Rahman KHAN, Dieter NEHER, Hisao ISHII, Beat RUHSTALLER und Wolfgang BRÜTTING, 2019. Dipolar doping of organic semiconductors to enhance carrier injection. Physical Review Applied. Dezember 2019. Bd. 12, Nr. 6. DOI 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052
Hofmann, Alexander J.L., Simon Züfle, Kohei Shimizu, Markus Schmid, Vivien Wessels, Lars Jäger, Stéphane Altazin, et al. 2019. “Dipolar Doping of Organic Semiconductors to Enhance Carrier Injection.” Physical Review Applied 12 (6). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052.
Hofmann, Alexander J. L., et al. “Dipolar Doping of Organic Semiconductors to Enhance Carrier Injection.” Physical Review Applied, vol. 12, no. 6, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.064052.
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