Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition

Wehrli, Samuel; Hertweck, Corinna; Amirian, Mohammadreza; Glüge, Stefan; Stadelmann, Thilo

doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23393

Publication type:	Article in scientific journal
Type of review:	Peer review (publication)
Title:	Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition
Authors:	Wehrli, Samuel Hertweck, Corinna Amirian, Mohammadreza Glüge, Stefan Stadelmann, Thilo
et. al:	No
DOI:	10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6 10.21256/zhaw-23393
Published in:	AI and Ethics
Volume(Issue):	2
Issue:	3
Page(s):	509
Pages to:	522
Issue Date:	27-Oct-2021
Publisher / Ed. Institution:	Springer
ISSN:	2730-5953 2730-5961
Language:	English
Subjects:	Fairness; Convolutional neural network; Discrimination; Ethnic bias; Gender bias
Subject (DDC):	006: Special computer methods 170: Ethics
Abstract:	Face Recognition (FR) is increasingly influencing our lives: we use it to unlock our phones; police uses it to identify suspects. Two main concerns are associated with this increase in facial recognition: (1) the fact that these systems are typically less accurate for marginalized groups, which can be described as “bias”, and (2) the increased surveillance through these systems. Our paper is concerned with the first issue. Specifically, we explore an intuitive technique for reducing this bias, namely “blinding” models to sensitive features, such as gender or race, and show why this cannot be equated with reducing bias. Even when not designed for this task, facial recognition models can deduce sensitive features, such as gender or race, from pictures of faces—simply because they are trained to determine the “similarity” of pictures. This means that people with similar skin tones, similar hair length, etc. will be seen as similar by facial recognition models. When confronted with biased decision-making by humans, one approach taken in job application screening is to “blind” the human decision-makers to sensitive attributes such as gender and race by not showing pictures of the applicants. Based on a similar idea, one might think that if facial recognition models were less aware of these sensitive features, the difference in accuracy between groups would decrease. We evaluate this assumption—which has already penetrated into the scientific literature as a valid de-biasing method—by measuring how “aware” models are of sensitive features and correlating this with differences in accuracy. In particular, we blind pre-trained models to make them less aware of sensitive attributes. We find that awareness and accuracy do not positively correlate, i.e., that bias ≠ awareness. In fact, blinding barely affects accuracy in our experiments. The seemingly simple solution of decreasing bias in facial recognition rates by reducing awareness of sensitive features does thus not work in practice: trying to ignore sensitive attributes is not a viable concept for less biased FR.
URI:	https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/23393
Fulltext version:	Published version
License (according to publishing contract):	CC BY 4.0: Attribution 4.0 International
Departement:	Life Sciences and Facility Management School of Engineering Social Work
Organisational Unit:	Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI) Institute of Computational Life Sciences (ICLS) Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design (IDP)
Published as part of the ZHAW project:	Libra: A One-Tool Solution for MLD4 Compliance
Appears in collections:	Publikationen Soziale Arbeit

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Wehrli, S., Hertweck, C., Amirian, M., Glüge, S., & Stadelmann, T. (2021). Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6

Wehrli, S. et al. (2021) ‘Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition’, AI and Ethics, 2(3), pp. 509–522. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.

S. Wehrli, C. Hertweck, M. Amirian, S. Glüge, and T. Stadelmann, “Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition,” AI and Ethics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 509–522, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.

WEHRLI, Samuel, Corinna HERTWECK, Mohammadreza AMIRIAN, Stefan GLÜGE und Thilo STADELMANN, 2021. Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition. AI and Ethics. 27 Oktober 2021. Bd. 2, Nr. 3, S. 509–522. DOI 10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6

Wehrli, Samuel, Corinna Hertweck, Mohammadreza Amirian, Stefan Glüge, and Thilo Stadelmann. 2021. “Bias, Awareness, and Ignorance in Deep-Learning-Based Face Recognition.” AI and Ethics 2 (3): 509–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.

Wehrli, Samuel, et al. “Bias, Awareness, and Ignorance in Deep-Learning-Based Face Recognition.” AI and Ethics, vol. 2, no. 3, Oct. 2021, pp. 509–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6.